What Is Kbr In Chemistry
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.937 |
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| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | KBr |
| Tooth mass | 119.002 g/mol |
| Appearance | white solid |
| Olfactory property | odorless |
| Density | two.74 g/cm3 |
| Melting betoken | 734 °C (1,353 °F; 1,007 K) |
| Humid point | ane,435 °C (2,615 °F; 1,708 Yard) |
| Solubility in water | 535 thousand/L (0 °C) 678 g/L (25 °C) 1020 1000/L (100 °C) |
| Solubility | very slightly soluble in diethyl ether |
| Solubility in glycerol | 217 g/L |
| Solubility in ethanol | 47.6 g/L (eighty °C) |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | −49.1·10−6 cm3/mol |
| Refractive alphabetize (n D) | 1.559 |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | Sodium chloride(Face-centered cubic) |
| Coordination geometry | octahedral |
| Dipole moment | 10.41 D (gas) |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATCvet lawmaking | QN03AX91 (WHO) |
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| Pictograms |  |
| Signal give-and-take | Warning |
| Chance statements | H319 |
| Precautionary statements | P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313 [1] |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | [3] 1 0 0 |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
| LD50 (median dose) | 3070 mg/kg (oral, rat)[2] |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Potassium fluoride Potassium chloride Potassium iodide |
| Other cations | Lithium bromide Sodium bromide Rubidium bromide Caesium bromide Francium bromide |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard country (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references | |
Potassium bromide (KBr) is a salt, widely used as an anticonvulsant and a allaying in the late 19th and early on 20th centuries, with over-the-counter employ extending to 1975 in the US. Its activity is due to the bromide ion (sodium bromide is equally constructive). Potassium bromide is used equally a veterinary drug, as an antiepileptic medication for dogs.
Under standard conditions, potassium bromide is a white crystalline powder. It is freely soluble in water; it is not soluble in acetonitrile. In a dilute aqueous solution, potassium bromide tastes sweet, at higher concentrations it tastes biting, and tastes salty when the concentration is even higher. These effects are mainly due to the backdrop of the potassium ion—sodium bromide tastes salty at whatever concentration. In high concentration, potassium bromide strongly irritates the gastric mucous membrane, causing nausea and sometimes airsickness (a typical effect of all soluble potassium salts).[ citation needed ]
Chemical properties [edit]
Potassium bromide, a typical ionic salt, is fully dissociated and almost pH vii in aqueous solution. Information technology serves as a source of bromide ions. This reaction is important for the industry of silver bromide for photographic film:
Aqueous bromide Br− also forms complexes when reacted with some metal halides such as copper(II) bromide:
![{\displaystyle {\ce {2 KBr_{(aq)}{}+ CuBr2_{(aq)}-> K2[CuBr3]_{(aq)}}}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/733a7b020fbe4782cb5ab44b48be1442c745e608)
Preparation [edit]
A traditional method for the manufacture of KBr is the reaction of potassium carbonate with an iron(III, II) bromide, Atomic number 263Br8 , made past treating scrap iron under water with excess bromine:[4]
Applications [edit]
Medical and veterinary [edit]
A bottle of PRN Pharmaceutical Company (Pensacola, FL) Thousand•BroVet veterinary pharmaceutical potassium bromide oral solution (250 mg/mL). The product is intended to be used in dogs, primarily every bit an antiepileptic (to finish seizures).[v] The pink color of the solution is artificial; pure potassium bromide solutions are colorless
The anticonvulsant properties of potassium bromide were first noted by Sir Charles Locock at a meeting of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in 1857. Bromide can be regarded as the outset effective medication for epilepsy. At the time, it was commonly thought that epilepsy was caused by masturbation.[six] Locock noted that bromide calmed sexual excitement and idea this was responsible for his success in treating seizures. In the latter one-half of the 19th century, potassium bromide was used for the calming of seizure and nervous disorders on an enormous calibration, with the employ by unmarried hospitals being as much as several tons a twelvemonth (the dose for a given person existence a few grams per day).[6] By the beginning of the 20th century the generic word had become so widely associated with being sedate that bromide came to mean a dull, sedate person or a boring cliché uttered by such a person.[7]
There was non a better epilepsy drug until phenobarbital in 1912. The British Army has historically been claimed to lace soldiers' tea with bromide to quell sexual arousal but that is likely untrue as doing so would also diminish alertness in battle. Several other substances have also been named in anaphrodisiac myths.
Bromide compounds, peculiarly sodium bromide, remained in over-the-counter sedatives and headache remedies (such equally the original formulation of Bromo-Seltzer) in the U.s. until 1975, when bromides were outlawed in all over-the-counter medicines, due to chronic toxicity.[eight] Bromide'due south exceedingly long one-half life in the body made information technology difficult to dose without side effects. Medical apply of bromides in the United states of america was discontinued at this time, every bit many better and shorter-acting sedatives were known past then.
Potassium bromide is used in veterinarian medicine to treat epilepsy in dogs, either as first-line treatment or in addition to phenobarbital, when seizures are non fairly controlled with phenobarbital solitary.[5] Use of bromide in cats is limited because it carries a substantial risk of causing lung inflammation (pneumonitis) in them. The apply of bromide as a treatment drug for animals means that veterinary medical diagnostic laboratories are able as a matter of routine to measure serum levels of bromide on club of a veterinary, whereas human medical diagnostic labs in the U.s.a. do not measure bromide as a routine test.
Potassium bromide is non approved by the United states Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans to control seizures. In Federal republic of germany, it is still approved as an antiepileptic drug for humans, particularly children and adolescents.[9] These indications include severe forms of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, early-childhood-related tonic–clonic seizures, and as well severe myoclonic seizures during childhood. Adults who have reacted positively to the drug during childhood/adolescence may continue handling. Potassium bromide tablets are sold under the brand proper noun Dibro-Exist mono (Rx-only). The drug has about complete bioavailability, but the bromide ion has a relatively long half life of 12 days in the blood,[six] making bromide salts difficult to adjust and dose. Bromide is non known to interfere with the absorption or excretion of any other anticonvulsant, though it does have strong interactions with chloride in the body, the normal body uptake and excretion of which strongly influences bromide's excretion.[6]
The therapeutic alphabetize (ratio of effectiveness to toxicity) for bromide is small. Every bit with other antiepileptics, sometimes even therapeutic doses (3 to 5 grams per twenty-four hours, taking vi to 8 weeks to reach stable levels) may give ascent to intoxication. Oftentimes indistinguishable from 'expected' side-furnishings, these include:
- Bromism These are fundamental nervous organisation reactions. They may include:
- depression,
- lethargy, somnolence (from daytime sleepiness to coma)
- loss of ambition and cachexia, nausea/emesis with exicosis (loss of body fluid)
- loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes
- clonic seizures
- tremor
- ataxia
- loss of neural sensitivity
- paresis
- cerebral edema with associated headache and papilledema of the eyes
- delirium: confusion, aberrant voice communication, loss of concentration and retentivity, aggressiveness
- psychosis
- Acne-course dermatitis and other forms of pare illness may likewise be seen, as well as mucous hypersecretion in the lungs. Asthma and rhinitis may worsen. Rarely, natural language disorder, aphthous stomatitis, bad breath, and constipation occur.
Optics [edit]
Potassium bromide is transparent from the well-nigh ultraviolet to long-wave infrared wavelengths (0.25-25 µm) and has no pregnant optical assimilation lines in its high transmission region. It is used widely as infrared optical windows and components for general spectroscopy because of its broad spectral range. In infrared spectroscopy, samples are analyzed by grinding with powdered potassium bromide and pressing into a disc. Alternatively, samples may be analyzed as a liquid film (peachy, as a solution, or in a mull with Nujol) between 2 polished potassium bromide discs.[10]
Due to its high solubility and hygroscopic nature information technology must be kept in a dry environment. The refractive index is most i.55 at i.0 µm.
Photography [edit]
In addition to manufacture of silvery bromide, potassium bromide is used as a restrainer in blackness and white developer formulas. It improves differentiation between exposed and unexposed crystals of silver halide, and thus reduces fog.[eleven]
References [edit]
- ^ "Potassium bromide 221864".
- ^ "ChemIDplus — Potassium bromide". chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov.
- ^ "Labchem MSDS, sec. 16, p. 6" (PDF).
- ^ "Potassium bromide". The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin.
- ^ a b K-BROVET 250- potassium bromide tablet, chewable drug label/data at Daily Med from U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
- ^ a b c d Goodman; Gilman (1970). "Chapter 10: Hypnotics and Sedatives". The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (quaternary ed.). London: MacMillan. pp. 121–2.
- ^ Metcalf, Alan A. (2004). Predicting New Words – The Secrets of Their Success . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 36–42. ISBN978-0-618-13006-one . Retrieved 27 Baronial 2017.
- ^ Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1905). The Bully American Fraud. Press of the American Medical Association.
The Peachy American Fraud.
- ^ German language leaflet
- ^ Reusch, W. "Infrared Spectroscopy". VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved xviii December 2007.
- ^ Anchell, Stephen; Troop, Nib (1998). The Film Developing Cookbook. Boston: Focal Press. p. 28.
External links [edit]
- Veterinary use notation at Auburn University
What Is Kbr In Chemistry,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide
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