Is Ch4 An Organic Molecule

Chapter four: Organic molecules

iv.one What are organic molecules? (ESCK3)

This section studies simple organic molecules, functional groups and the physical properties associated with these functional groups. Only molecules with ane type of functional group, and no more than three of the same functional group, should exist studied. This section is a footing for any organic chemistry they may written report beyond school so it is important that learners have a thorough understanding of this chapter. Some common polymers are also covered in this chapter, learners should understand the environmental impacts of these polymers as well as their connection with elementary organic molecules through the monomers they are formed from.

This section of work is the first chemistry chapter of the Class 12 year. Learners should have an understanding of intermolecular forces and chemical bonds from Course xi. These will be particularly of import in the physical properties section. Only 12 hours are allocated in CAPS for this section. If possible more fourth dimension could be given here to ensure a thorough understanding, as at that place is a lot of work to cover.

Accent should be placed on the unlike representations of organic compounds: macroscopic, sub-microscopic, symbolic representations and the links between all three. Where possible, use atomic model kits to help explain reactions, physical properties and the construction of molecules.

The following topics are covered in this chapter.

What makes a molecule organic, and organic molecular structures

This affiliate starts with a brief introduction to what makes a molecule organic (containing carbon atoms). This then leads in to the properties of carbon that make information technology so unique. Learners are introduced to structural, semi-structural, condensed and molecular formula representations for molecules. Information technology is important that they take a thorough agreement of this earlier moving on as they will use these representations throughout the chapter. Information technology is also important that learners understand that molecules are non two-dimensional, if possible exercise some demonstrations with atomic model kits so they can get a better experience for the shape of an organic molecule. Semi-structural representations are not required past CAPS, but will be shown in many textbooks and so information technology would exist good for the student to understand them.
Functional groups

Understanding functional groups is essential to understanding organic molecules. An introduction to each of the required basic functional groups, the homologous series to which they belong, and their full general formulas are covered in this section: hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes), alcohols, alkyl halides (specifically haloalkanes), aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters. The concept of saturated and unsaturated compounds is as well covered, this will become more important later in the affiliate when studying reactions. Isomers of compounds with the same functional groups, and compounds with different functional groups are besides covered.
IUPAC naming

A skilful cognition of IUPAC naming is very important in organic chemistry. This section walks the learners through the naming of the functional groups, with many worked examples. Going through those worked examples and the associated exercises will assistance the learners understand this section. There are a number of in-class activities provided that will also assist with understanding. The naming of compounds with more than three of the same functional grouping, or more than one functional group, is not required past CAPS. Chain lengths of no more than than viii carbon atoms are allowed, and esters may not take branched groups.
Concrete propeties and construction

A revision of Grade eleven intermolecular forces would be useful earlier starting this section. The important International monetary fund this year are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The physical properties covered include: viscosity, density, melting and boiling points, flammability and vapour pressure, volatility, physical state, smell. Information technology would be expert for learners to revise molecular shape from Grade 11 equally well. The changes in physical properties are linked to the intermolecular forces of the molecule, which is in plough linked to functional groups, chain length and chain branching. Although these are seperated into sections the learner should sympathize that they are linked (dissimilar intermolecular forces are due to functional groups, chain length, etc.).
Applications of organic chemical science

In this section learners will explore the applications of organic molecules. Specifically the bully of hydrocarbons, and the (complete) combustion of alkanes. Esters are besides covered in more detail in this section, with industrial uses.
Addition, elimination and substitution reactions

The learners need to know the addition, emptying and exchange reactions mentioned in this department, including reaction conditions and the major and minor products that volition exist formed. They should understand the difference between an addition reaction, an elimination reaction and a substitution reaction and the reactants required in each specific reaction.

No mechanisms of reactions are required, only the reaction equations.
Plastics and polymers

The polymers covered in this section are: polyethene, polypropene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and polylactic acid. Learners should understand what makes a chemical compound a polymer, the difference betwixt an addition and a condensation reaction, and how to determine the polymer from the monomer and the monomer from the polymer.

At that place are several experiments in this chapter. The learners will exist using dangerous chemicals and should be properly instructed on the correct use of safety equipment, including safe goggles, gloves and protective clothing. They should also exist reminded non to sniff whatsoever chemicals as the fumes can be unsafe likewise. More information on laboratory procedures too as safety precautions is provided in Chapter 1 (Science skills).

These experiments are besides an excellent opportunity to get the learners to research organic molecules. Before whatever experiment the hazards of the chemicals being worked with should be studied. Have the learners exercise the research for at to the lowest degree some of the experiments before completing them every bit a way of ameliorate agreement the molecules.

Do not misfile organic compounds with naturally produced food. Organic compounds are ofttimes produced in a laboratory.

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with organic molecules. An organic molecule is one which contains carbon, although not all compounds that contain carbon are organic molecules. Noticeable exceptions are carbon monoxide (\(\text{CO}\)), carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_{two}\)), carbonates (e.1000. calcium carbonate), carbides (e.g. calcium carbide) and cyanides (east.g. sodium cyanide). Pure carbon compounds such as diamond and graphite are also non organic compounds. Organic molecules tin range in size from simple molecules to complex structures containing thousands of atoms!

Although carbon is present in all organic compounds, other elements such as hydrogen \((\text{H})\), oxygen \((\text{O})\), nitrogen \((\text{North})\), sulfur \((\text{S})\) and phosphorus \((\text{P})\) are also common in these molecules.

Organic molecule: An organic molecule is a molecule that contains carbon atoms (mostly bonded to other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen atoms).

Figure 4.1: A unproblematic organic molecule, propane, can be used in a gas lamp (left). The circuitous organic molecule Dna carries the genetic code of a person and tin can be used to identify them.

Organic compounds are very important in daily life and they range from simple to extremely complex (Figure four.one). Organic molecules make up a big role of our own bodies, they are in the food we eat and in the clothes nosotros wear. Organic compounds are also used to make products such as medicines, plastics, washing powders, dyes, forth with a long listing of other items. There are millions organic compounds found in nature, equally well as millions of synthetic (human being-made) organic compounds.

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